Jafari F, Jafari S. Importance and methodologies of endodontic microleakage studies: A systematic review. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9(6):e812-9.

 

doi:10.4317/jced.53604

http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4317/jced.53604

 

References

 

1. H Bhandi S, T S S. Comparative evaluation of sealing ability of three newer root canal obturating materials guttaflow, resilon and thermafil: an in vitro study. J Int Oral Health. 2013;5:54-65.

PMid:24155579 PMCid:PMC3768085

 

2. Lin LM, Rosenberg PA, Lin J. Do procedural errors cause endodontic treatment failure? J Am Dent Assoc. 2005;136:187-193;quiz 231.
https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2005.0140
PMid:15782522

 

3. Li G, Niu L, Zhang W, Olsen M, De-Deus G, Eid AA, et al. Ability of New Obturation Materials to Improve the Seal of the Root Canal System – A Review. Acta Biomater. 2014;10:1050-63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.015
PMid:24321349 PMCid:PMC3939610

 

4. Torabinejad M, Eby WC, Naidorf IJ. Inflammatory and immunological aspects of the pathogenesis of human periapical lesions. J Endod. 1985;11:479-88.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(85)80221-1

PMid:3913729

 

5. Stashenko P, Teles R, D'Souza R. Periapical inflammatory responses and their modulation. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1998;9:498-521.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10454411980090040701
PMid:9825224

 

6. Nair PN, Henry S, Cano V, Vera J. Microbial status of apical root canal system of human mandibular first molars with primary apical periodontitis after "one-visit" endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;99:231-52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.10.005
PMid:15660098

 

7. Nair PN. On the causes of persistent apical periodontitis: a review. Int Endod J. 2006;39:249-81.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01099.x
PMid:16584489

 

8. Wu MK, Dummer PM, Wesselink PR. Consequences of and strategies to deal with residual post-treatment root canal infection. Int Endod J. 2006;39:343-56.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01092.x
PMid:16640632

 

9. Carr GB, Schwartz RS, Schaudinn C, Gorur A, Costerton JW. Ultrastructural examination of failed molar retreatment with secondary apical periodontitis: an examination of endodontic biofilms in an endodontic retreatment failure. J Endod. 2009;35:1303-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2009.05.035
PMid:19720237

 

10. Schaudinn C, Carr G, Gorur A, Jaramillo D, Costerton JW, Webster P. Imaging of endodontic biofilms by combined microscopy (FISH/cLSM - SEM). J Microsc. 2009;235:124-7.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03201.x
PMid:19659906

 

11. Ricucci D, Siqueira JF, Jr. Biofilms and apical periodontitis: study of prevalence and association with clinical and histopathologic findings. J Endod. 2010;36:1277-88.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2010.04.007
PMid:20647081

 

12. Vera J, Siqueira JF, Jr., Ricucci D, Loghin S, Fernandez N, Flores B, et al. One- versus two-visit endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: a histobacteriologic study. J Endod. 2012;38:1040-52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2012.04.010
PMid:22794203

 

13. Wanted: a base of evidence. J Endod. 2007;33:1401-2.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2007.09.004
PMid:18037045

 

14. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS medicine. 2009;6:e1000097.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
PMid:19621072 PMCid:PMC2707599

 

15. Holland R, Murata SS, Barbosa HG, Garlipp O, de Souza V, Dezan Junior E. Apical seal of root canals with gutta-percha points with calcium hydroxide. Braz Dent J. 2004;15:26-9.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-64402004000100005
PMid:15322641

 

16. Valera MC, Camargo CH, Carvalho AS, Gama ER. In vitro evaluation of apical microleakage using different root-end filling materials. J Appl Oral Sci. 2006;14:49-52.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572006000100010
PMid:19089030 PMCid:PMC4327171

 

17. Almeida JF, Gomes BP, Ferraz CC, Souza-Filho FJ, Zaia AA. Filling of artificial lateral canals and microleakage and flow of five endodontic sealers. Int Endod J. 2007;40:692-9.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01268.x
PMid:17608677

 

18. De Deus QD. Frequency, location, and direction of the lateral, secondary, and accessory canals. J Endod. 1975;1:361-6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(75)80211-1

PMid:10697487

 

19. De-Deus G, Brandao MC, Leal F, Reis C, Souza EM, Luna AS, et al. Lack of correlation between sealer penetration into dentinal tubules and sealability in nonbonded root fillings. Int Endod J. 2012;45:642-51.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02023.x
PMid:22416881

 

20. Venturi M, Prati C, Capelli G, Falconi M, Breschi L. A preliminary analysis of the morphology of lateral canals after root canal filling using a tooth-clearing technique. Int Endod J. 2003;36:54-63.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0143-2885.2003.00613.x
PMid:12656515

 

21. Verissimo DM, do Vale MS. Methodologies for assessment of apical and coronal leakage of endodontic filling materials: a critical review. J Oral Sci. 2006;48:93-8.
https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.48.93

PMid:17023739

 

22. Mandava P, Bolla N, Thumu J, Vemuri S, Chukka S. Microleakage evaluation around retrograde filling materials prepared using conventional and ultrasonic techniques. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9:Zc43-46.
PMid:25859524 PMCid:PMC4378806

 

23. Haghgoo R, Arfa S, Asgary S. Microleakage of CEM Cement and ProRoot MTA as Furcal Perforation Repair Materials in Primary Teeth. Iran Endod J. 2013;8:187-90.
PMid:24171027 PMCid:PMC3808679

 

24. Mente J, Ferk S, Dreyhaupt J, Deckert A, Legner M, Staehle HJ. Assessment of different dyes used in leakage studies. Clin Oral Investig. 2010;14:331-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-009-0299-8
PMid:19536570

 

25. Shahi S, Yavari HR, Rahimi S, Eskandarinezhad M, Shakouei S, Unchi M. Comparison of the sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate and Portland cement used as root-end filling materials. J Oral Sci. 2011;53:517-22.
https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.53.517
PMid:22167039

 

26. Rahimi S, Shahi S, Lotfi M, Yavari HR, Charehjoo ME. Comparison of microleakage with three different thicknesses of mineral trioxide aggregate as root-end filling material. J Oral Sci. 2008;50:273-7.
https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.50.273
PMid:18818462

 

27. Lotfi M, Vosoughhosseini S, Saghiri MA, Rahimi S, Zand V, Reyhani MF, et al. Effect of Synthetic Tissue Fluid on Microleakage of Grey and White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate as Root-End Filling Materials: An in vitro study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2012;12:323-9.
https://doi.org/10.12816/0003146
PMid:22912925 PMCid:PMC3413623

 

28. Yavari H, Samiei M, Eskandarinezhad M, Shahi S, Aghazadeh M, Pasvey Y. An in vitro comparison of coronal microleakage of three orifice barriers filling materials. Iran Endod J. 2012;7:156-60.
PMid:23056136 PMCid:PMC3467145

 

29. Shahi S, Shakouie S, Rahimi S, Yavari HR, Mohammadi N, Abdolrahimi M. Comparison of apical microleakage using Ni-Ti with stainless steel finger spreaders. Iran Endod J. 2009;4:149-51.
PMid:24019837 PMCid:PMC3766623

 

30. Shahi S, Zand V, Oskoee SS, Abdolrahimi M, Rahnema AH. An in vitro study of the effect of spreader penetration depth on apical microleakage. J Oral Sci. 2007;49:283-6.
https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.49.283
PMid:18195511

 

31. Lucena-Martin C, Ferrer-Luque CM, Gonzalez-Rodriguez MP, Robles-Gijon V, Navajas-Rodriguez de Mondelo JM. A comparative study of apical leakage of Endomethasone, Top Seal, and Roeko Seal sealer cements. J Endod. 2002;28:423-6.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200206000-00001
PMid:12067120

 

32. Ahlberg KM, Assavanop P, Tay WM. A comparison of the apical dye penetration patterns shown by methylene blue and india ink in root-filled teeth. Int Endod J. 1995;28:30-4.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1995.tb00153.x
PMid:7642326

 

33. Zmener O, Pameijer CH, Macri E. Evaluation of the apical seal in root canals prepared with a new rotary system and obturated with a methacrylate based endodontic sealer: an in vitro study. J Endod. 2005;31:392-5.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.don.0000145424.99418.ad
PMid:15851936

 

34. Camps J, Pashley D. Reliability of the dye penetration studies. J Endod. 2003;29:592-4.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200309000-00012
PMid:14503834

 

35. Lahor-Soler E, Miranda-Rius J, Brunet-Llobet L, Farre M, Pumarola J. In vitro study of the apical microleakage with resilon root canal filling using different final endodontic irrigants. J Clin Exp Dent. 2015;7:e212-7.
https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.51755
PMid:26155335 PMCid:PMC4483326

 

36. Mokhtari H, Shahi S, Janani M, Reyhani MF, Mokhtari Zonouzi HR, Rahimi S, et al. Evaluation of apical leakage in root canals obturated with three different sealers in presence or absence of smear layer. Iran Endod J. 2015;10:131-4.
PMid:25834599 PMCid:PMC4372789

 

37. Girish CS, Ponnappa K, Girish T, Ponappa M. Sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium phosphate and polymethylmethacrylate bone cements on root ends prepared using an Erbium: Yttriumaluminium garnet laser and ultrasonics evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Conserv Dent. 2013;16:304-8.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.114355
PMid:23956530 PMCid:PMC3740639

 

38. dos Santos GL, Beltrame AP, Triches TC, Ximenes-Filho M, Baptista D, Bolan M. Analysis of microleakage of temporary restorative materials in primary teeth. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2014;32:130-4.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.130963
PMid:24739912

 

39. Srikumar GP, Varma KR, Shetty KH, Kumar P. Coronal microleakage with five different temporary restorative materials following walking bleach technique: An ex-vivo study. Contemp Clin Dent. 2012;3:421-6.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-237X.107431
PMid:23633802 PMCid:PMC3636844

 

40. Cueva-Goig R, Forner-Navarro L, Llena-Puy MC. Microscopic assessment of the sealing ability of three endodontic filling techniques. J Clin Exp Dent. 2016;8:e27-31.
PMid:26855702 PMCid:PMC4739364

 

41. Robertson D, Leeb IJ, McKee M, Brewer E. A clearing technique for the study of root canal systems. J Endod. 1980;6:421-4.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-2399(80)80218-4

PMid:7005366

 

42. Rahimi S, Shahi S, Yavari HR, Reyhani MF, Ebrahimi ME, Rajabi E. A stereomicroscopy study of root apices of human maxillary central incisors and mandibular second premolars in an Iranian population. J Oral Sci. 2009;51:411-5.
https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.51.411
PMid:19776508

 

43. Rahimi S, Milani AS, Shahi S, Sergiz Y, Nezafati S, Lotfi M. Prevalence of two root canals in human mandibular anterior teeth in an Iranian population. Indian J Dent Res. 2013;24:234-6.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.116694
PMid:23965453

 

44. Malvar M, Gomes M, Pereira M. Root canal anatomy study of lower incisors by clearing technique. J Bras Endod. 2002;3:202-7.

PMid:11022384

 

45. Kontakiotis EG, Georgopoulou MK, Morfis AS. Dye penetration in dry and water-filled gaps along root fillings. Int Endod J. 2001;34:133-6.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2001.00362.x
PMid:11307261

 

46. Chitsazi MT, Pourabbas R, Jafari F, Jabari Khameneh H. Comparison of subgingival plaque removal using hand curettes, magnetostrictive ultrasonic scalers and air polishing devices with and without NaHCO3 abrasive powder: an ex vivo study. Journal of Periodontology & Implant Dentistry. 2009;1:31-5.

 

47. Brandao C, De Moraes I, Bramante C. Apical sealing ability of ionomeric endodontic sealers. Rev FOB. 2001;9:29-34.

 

48. Kersten HW, Moorer WR. Particles and molecules in endodontic leakage. Int Endod J. 1989;22:118-24.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1989.tb00909.x

PMid:2634619

 

49. Schafer E, Olthoff G. Effect of three different sealers on the sealing ability of both thermafil obturators and cold laterally compacted Gutta-Percha. J Endod. 2002;28:638-42.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200209000-00003
PMid:12236306

 

50. Souza EM, Pappen FG, Shemesh H, Bonanato-Estrela C, Bonetti-Filho I. Reliability of assessing dye penetration along root canal fillings using methylene blue. Aust Endod J. 2009;35:158-63.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4477.2009.00161.x
PMid:19961455

 

51. Barthel CR, Moshonov J, Shuping G, Orstavik D. Bacterial leakage versus dye leakage in obturated root canals. Int Endod J. 1999;32:370-5.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.1999.00235.x
PMid:10551110

 

52. Valois C, De Castro A. Comparison of the apical sealing ability of four root canal sealers. J Bras Endod. 2002;3:317-22.

 

53. Wu MK, De Gee AJ, Wesselink PR. Fluid transport and dye penetration along root canal fillings. Int Endod J. 1994;27:233-8.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1994.tb00261.x

PMid:7814134

 

54. Wimonchit S, Timpawat S, Vongsavan N. A comparison of techniques for assessment of coronal dye leakage. J Endod. 2002;28:1-4.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200201000-00001
PMid:11806641

 

55. Agrafioti A, Tzimpoulas N, Chatzitheodoridis E, Kontakiotis EG. Comparative evaluation of sealing ability and microstructure of MTA and Biodentine after exposure to different environments. Clin Oral Investig 2015.
PMid:26541151

 

56. Tabrizizade M, Asadi Y, Sooratgar A, Moradi S, Sooratgar H, Ayatollahi F. Sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium-enriched mixture cement as apical barriers with different obturation techniques. Iran Endod J. 2014;9:261-5.
PMid:25386206 PMCid:PMC4224763

 

57. Onay EO, Gogos C, Ungor M, Economides N, Lyssaris V, Ogus E, et al. Effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation on apical sealing ability of calcium silicatecontaining endodontic materials in root-end cavities. Dent Mater J. 2014;33:570-5.
https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2014-075
PMid:25087664

 

58. Bidar M, Sadeghalhoseini N, Forghani M, Attaran N. Effect of the smear layer on apical seals produced by two calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers. Journal of oral science. 2014;56:215-9.
https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.56.215
PMid:25231148

 

59. Pommel L, Camps J. Effects of pressure and measurement time on the fluid filtration method in endodontics. J Endod. 2001;27:256-8.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200104000-00003
PMid:11485262

 

60. Garip H, Garip Y, Orucoglu H, Hatipoglu S. Effect of the angle of apical resection on apical leakage, measured with a computerized fluid filtration device. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;111:e50-5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.10.034
PMid:21310350

 

61. Shetty KV, Jhajharia K, Chaurasia VR, Jhamb A, Rohra V, Sharma AM. An in vitro evaluation of the effect of dentin deproteinization on coronal microleakage in endodontically treated teeth. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2014;4:S187-92.
https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.149036
PMid:25625077 PMCid:PMC4304057

 

62. Maltezos C, Glickman GN, Ezzo P, He J. Comparison of the sealing of Resilon, Pro Root MTA, and Super-EBA as root-end filling materials: a bacterial leakage study. J Endod. 2006;32:324-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2005.08.015
PMid:16554203

 

63. Yavari HR, Samiei M, Shahi S, Aghazadeh M, Jafari F, Abdolrahimi M, et al. Microleakage comparison of four dental materials as intra-orifice barriers in endodontically treated teeth. Iran Endod J. 2012;7:25-30.
PMid:23060910 PMCid:PMC3467124

 

64. Shahi S, Jeddi Khajeh S, Rahimi S, Yavari HR, Jafari F, Samiei M, et al. Effect of different mixing methods on the bacterial microleakage of calcium-enriched mixture cement. Minerva Stomatol. 2016;65:269-75.
PMid:27580651

 

65. Britto LR, Grimaudo NJ, Vertucci FJ. Coronal microleakage assessed by polymicrobial markers. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2003;4:1-10.
PMid:12937592

 

66. Chailertvanitkul P, Saunders WP, Saunders EM, MacKenzie D. An evaluation of microbial coronal leakage in the restored pulp chamber of root-canal treated multirooted teeth. Int Endod J. 1997;30:318-322.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.1997.tb00717.x
PMid:9477821

 

67. Reyhani MF, Yavari H, Ghasemi N, Rahimi S, Barhaghi MH, Mokhtari H, et al. Comparing the Coronal Seal of Different Thicknesses of MTA with Gutta-Percha after Post Space Preparation. The Scientific World Journal. 2015;2015:708639.

PMid:25984559 PMCid:PMC4423004

 

68. Reyhani MF, Ghasemi N, Rahimi S, Milani AS, Barhaghi MH, Azadi A. Apical microleakage of AH Plus and MTA Fillapex(R) sealers in association with immediate and delayed post space preparation: a bacterial leakage study. Minerva Stomatol. 2015;64:129-34.
PMid:25799446

 

69. Jafari F, Sobhani E, Samadi-Kafil H, Pirzadeh A, Jafari S. In vitro evaluation of the sealing ability of three newly developed root canal sealers: A bacterial microleakage study. J Clin Exp Dent. 2016;8:e561-5.
https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.52992

PMid:27957271 PMCid:PMC5149092

 

70. Carratu P, Amato M, Riccitiello F, Rengo S. Evaluation of leakage of bacteria and endotoxins in teeth treated endodontically by two different techniques. J Endod. 2002;28:272-5.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200204000-00003
PMid:12043861

 

71. Miletic I, Prpic-Mehicic G, Marsan T, Tambic-Andrasevic A, Plesko S, Karlovic Z, et al. Bacterial and fungal microleakage of AH26 and AH Plus root canal sealers. Int Endod J. 2002;35:428-32.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00490.x
PMid:12059913

 

72. Michailesco P, Boudeville P. Calibrated latex microspheres percolation: a possible route to model endodontic bacterial leakage. J Endod. 2003;29:456-62.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200307000-00008
PMid:12877263

 

73. Tang HM, Torabinejad M, Kettering JD. Leakage evaluation of root end filling materials using endotoxin. J Endod. 2002;28:5-7.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200201000-00002
PMid:11806652

 

74. Williamson AE, Dawson DV, Drake DR, Walton RE, Rivera EM. Effect of root canal filling/sealer systems on apical endotoxin penetration: a coronal leakage evaluation. J Endod. 2005;31:599-604.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.don.0000153843.25887.69
PMid:16044044

 

75. Kim SY, Ahn JS, Yi YA, Lee Y, Hwang JY, Seo DG. Quantitative microleakage analysis of endodontic temporary filling materials using a glucose penetration model. Acta Odontol Scand. 2015;73:137-43.
https://doi.org/10.3109/00016357.2014.961028
PMid:25252594

 

76. Leal F, De-Deus G, Brandao C, Luna A, Souza E, Fidel S. Similar sealability between bioceramic putty ready-to-use repair cement and white MTA. Braz Dent J. 2013;24:362-6.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201302051
PMid:24173257

 

77. Xu Q, Fan MW, Fan B, Cheung GS, Hu HL. A new quantitative method using glucose for analysis of endodontic leakage. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;99:107-11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.06.006
PMid:15599357

 

78. Bernabé PFE, Gomes-Filho JE, Bernabé DG, Nery MJ, Otoboni-Filho JA, Dezan-Jr E, et al. Sealing Ability of MTA Used as a Root End Filling Material: Effect of the Sonic and Ultrasonic Condensation. Braz Dent J. 2013;24:107-110.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201301973
PMid:23780366

 

79. Shemesh H, Souza E, Wu MK, Wesselink P. Glucose reactivity with filling materials as a limitation for using the glucose leakage model. Inter Endod J. 2008;41:869-72.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01440.x
PMid:18699787

 

80. Shahi S, Rahimi S, Hasan M, Shiezadeh V, Abdolrahimi M. Sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate and Portland cement for furcal perforation repair: a protein leakage study. J Oral Sci. 2009;51:601-6.
https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.51.601
PMid:20032614

 

81. Saghiri MA, Lotfi M, Saghiri AM, Vosoughhosseini S, Fatemi A, Shiezadeh V, et al. Effect of pH on sealing ability of white mineral trioxide aggregate as a root-end filling material. J Endod. 2008;34:1226-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2008.07.017
PMid:18793926

 

82. Zarenejad N, Asgary S, Ramazani N, Haghshenas MR, Rafiei A, Ramazani M. Coronal microleakage of three different dental biomaterials as intra-orifice barrier during nonvital bleaching. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2015;12:581-8.
https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-3327.170582

PMid:26759596 PMCid:PMC4696362

 

83. Michelotto AL, Gasparetto JC, Campos FR, Sydney GB, Pontarolo R. Applying liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to assess endodontic sealer microleakage. Braz Oral Res. 2015;29:1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2015.vol29.0100

PMid:26313349

 

84. Shemesh H, Wu MK, Wesselink PR. Leakage along apical root fillings with and without smear layer using two different leakage models: a two-month longitudinal ex vivo study. Int Endod J. 2006;39:968-76.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01181.x
PMid:17107542

 

85. Pommel L, Jacquot B, Camps J. Lack of correlation among three methods for evaluation of apical leakage. J Endod. 2001;27:347-50.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004770-200105000-00010
PMid:11485254

 

86. Jacobson SM, von Fraunhofer JA. The investigation of microleakage in root canal therapy. An electrochemical technique. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976;42:817-23.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(76)90105-5

PMid:1069224

 

87. Modaresi J, Baharizade M, Shareghi A, Ahmadi M, Daneshkazemi A. Copper ion as a new leakage tracer. J Dent (Shiraz). 2013;14:155-9.

PMid:24724138 PMCid:PMC3977513

 

88. Delivanis PD, Chapman KA. Comparison and reliability of techniques for measuring leakage and marginal penetration. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1982;53:410-6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(82)90444-3

PMid:7043354

 

89. Yamauchi S, Shipper G, Buttke T, Yamauchi M, Trope M. Effect of orifice plugs on periapical inflammation in dogs. J Endod. 2006;32:524-6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2005.09.005
PMid:16728242

 

90. Gupta R, Dhingra A, Panwar NR. Comparative Evaluation of Three Different Obturating Techniques Lateral Compaction, Thermafil and Calamus for Filling Area and Voids Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography: An Invitro study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9:Zc15-17.
https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2015/12218.6279

PMid:26436038 PMCid:PMC4576632

 

91. Moura-Netto C, Guglielmi Cde A, Mello-Moura AC, Palo RM, Raggio DP, Caldeira CL. Nd:YAG laser irradiation effect on apical intracanal dentin - a microleakage and SEM evaluation. Braz Dent J. 2011;22:377-81.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-64402011000500005
PMid:22011892

 

92. Atash Biz Yeganeh L, Seyed Tabai E, Mohammadi Basir M. Bonding Durability of Four Adhesive Systems. J Dent (Tehran). 2015;12:563-70.

PMid:27123015 PMCid:PMC4847161