Weerasekera MM, Wijesinghe GK, Sampath A, Dilhari A, Madhumal T, Dilrukshi R, et al. The genotypes and virulence attributes of C. albicans isolates from oral leukoplakia. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2021 Nov 1;26 (6):e786-94.



doi:10.4317/medoral.24748

https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4317/medoral.24748


1. Cannon RD, Holmes AR, Mason AB, Monk BC. Oral Candida: clearance, colonization, or candidiasis?. J Dent Res. 1995;74:1152-61.

https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345950740050301

PMid:7790592 

2. Aktas E, Yigit N, Ayyildiz A. Esterase activity in various Candida species. J Int Med Res. 2002;30:322-4.

https://doi.org/10.1177/147323000203000315

PMid:12166351 

3. Yigit N, Aktas AE, Ayyildiz A. Detection of coagulase activity in pathogenic Candida species. Int Med Res. 2008;36:1378-82.

https://doi.org/10.1177/147323000803600627

PMid:19094449 

4. Mane A, Pawale C, Gaikwad S, Bembalkar S, Risbud A. Adherence to buccal epithelial cells, enzymatic and hemolytic activities of Candida isolates from HIV-infected individuals. Med mycol. 2011;49:548-51.

https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2010.540044

PMid:21108576 

5. Mattei AS, Alves SH, Severo CB, Guazzelli LD, Oliveira FD, Severo LC. Determination of germ tube, phospholipase, and proteinase production by bloodstream isolates of C. albicans. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2013;46:340-2.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0045-2013

PMid:23856861 

6. Braunsdorf C, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Modulation of the Fungal-Host Interaction by the Intra-Species Diversity of C. albicans. Pathogens. 2018;7:11.

https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens7010011

PMid:29342100 PMCid:PMC5874737

7. Da Matta DA, Melo AS, Guimarães T, Frade JP, Lott TJ, Colombo AL. Multilocus sequence typing of sequential Candida albicans isolates from patients with persistent or recurrent fungemia. Med Mycol. 2010;48:757-62.

https://doi.org/10.3109/13693780903501689

PMid:20105100 

8. Tamura M, Watanabe K, Mikami Y, Yazawa K, Nishimura K. Molecular characterization of new clinical isolates of Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis in Japan: analysis reveals a new genotype of C. albicans with group I intron. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:4309-15.

https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.39.12.4309-4315.2001

PMid:11724837 PMCid:PMC88541

9. Xiao J, Huang X, Alkhers N, Alzamil H, Alzoubi S, Wu TT, et al. Candida albicans and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Caries Res. 2018;52:102-12.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000481833

PMid:29262404 PMCid:PMC5828948

10. Abdulrahim MH, McManus BA, Flint SR, Coleman DC. Genotyping Candida albicans from Candida leukoplakia and non-Candida leukoplakia shows no enrichment of multilocus sequence typing clades but enrichment of ABC genotype C in Candida leukoplakia. PLoS One. 2013;18:8:e73738.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073738

PMid:24058485 PMCid:PMC3776806

11. van der Waal I, Schepman KP, van der Meij EH, Smeele LE. Oral leukoplakia: a clinicopathological review. Oral Oncol. 1997;33:291-301.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1368-8375(97)00002-X

PMid:9415326

12. Dilhari A, Weerasekera MM, Siriwardhana A, Maheshika O, Gunasekara C, Karunathilaka S, et al. Candida infection in oral leukoplakia: an unperceived public health problem. Acta Odontol Scand. 2016;74:565-9.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00016357.2016.1220018

PMid:27538681 

13. Sitheeque MA, Samaranayake LP. Chronic hyperplastic candidosis/candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia). Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003;14:253-67.

https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130301400403

PMid:12907694 

14. Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW, Lamey PJ, Ferguson MM. A comparison of oral rinse and imprint sampling techniques for the detection of yeast, coliform and Staphylococcus aureus carriage in the oral cavity. J Oral Pathol. 1986;15:386-8.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1986.tb00646.x

PMid:3098945 

15. Dilhari A, Sampath A, Gunasekara C, Fernando N, Weerasekara D, Sissons C, et al. Evaluation of the impact of six different DNA extraction methods for the representation of the microbial community associated with human chronic wound infections using a gel-based DNA profiling method. AMB Express. 2017;7:179.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-017-0477-z

PMid:28929383 PMCid:PMC5605482

16. Sampath A, Weerasekera M, Gunasekara C, Dilhari A, Bulugahapitiya U, Fernando N. A sensitive and a rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the identification of Candida species in concentrated oral rinse specimens in patients with diabetes. Acta Odontol Scand. 2017;75:113-22.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00016357.2016.1265146

PMid:27960572 

17. Samaranayake LP, Raeside JM, MacFarlane TW. Factors affecting the phospholipase activity of Candida species in vitro. Sabouraudia. 1984;22:201-7.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00362178485380331

PMid:6379916 

18. Tsang CS, Samaranayake LP. Factors affecting the adherence of Candida albicans to human buccal epithelial cells in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:852-8.

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.03158.x

PMid:10583166 

19. Jin Y, Yip HK, Samaranayake YH, Yau JY, Samaranayake LP. Biofilm-forming ability of Candida albicans is unlikely to contribute to high levels of oral yeast carriage in cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:2961-7.

https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.7.2961-2967.2003

PMid:12843027 PMCid:PMC165379

20. Abraham SB, Al Marzooq F, Himratul-Aznita WH, Ahmed HMA, Samaranayake LP. Prevalence, virulence and antifungal activity of C. albicans isolated from infected root canals. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20:347.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-020-01347-5

PMid:33256696 PMCid:PMC7708210

21. Zarei Mahmoudabadi A, Zarrin M, Kiasat N. Biofilm Formation and Susceptibility to Amphotericin B and Fluconazole in Candida albicans. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2014;7:e17105.

https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.17105

PMid:25368806 PMCid:PMC4216586

22. Udayalaxmi J, Jacob S, D'Souza D. Comparison Between Virulence Factors of Candida albicans and Non-Albicans Species of Candida Isolated from Genitourinary Tract. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8:DC15-7.

PMid:25584218

23. Williams D, Lewis M. Pathogenesis and treatment of oral candidosis. J Oral Microbiol. 2011;3:10.

https://doi.org/10.3402/jom.v3i0.5771

PMid:21547018 PMCid:PMC3087208

24. Deorukhkar SC, Saini S, Mathew S. Virulence Factors Contributing to Pathogenicity of Candida tropicalis and Its Antifungal Susceptibility Profile. Int J Microbiol. 2014;2014:456878.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/456878

PMid:24803934 PMCid:PMC3996979

25. Rodrigues AG, Pina-Vaz C, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Tavares C. Expression of plasma coagulase among pathogenic Candida species. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:5792-3.

https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.12.5792-5793.2003

PMid:14662985 PMCid:PMC308979

26. Solis NV, Park YN, Swidergall M, Daniels KJ, Filler SG, Soll DR. Candida albicans White-Opaque Switching Influences Virulence but Not Mating during Oropharyngeal Candidiasis. Infect Immun. 2018;86:e00774-17.

https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00774-17

PMid:29581190 PMCid:PMC5964503

27. Jones S, White G, Hunter PR. Increased phenotypic switching in strains of Candida albicans associated with invasive infections. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:2869-70.

https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.32.11.2869-2870.1994

PMid:7852592 

28. Wu T, Samaranayake LP. The expression of secreted aspartyl proteinases of Candida species in human whole saliva. J Med Microbiol. 1999;48:711-20.

https://doi.org/10.1099/00222615-48-8-711

PMid:10450994 

29. de Azevedo Izidoro AC, Semprebom AM, Baboni FB, Rosa RT, Machado MA, Samaranayake LP, et al. Low virulent oral Candida albicans strains isolated from smokers. Arch Oral Biol. 2012; 57:148-53.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.08.016

PMid:21924704 

30. Karahan ZC, Güriz H, Ağirbaşli H, Balaban N, Göçmen JS, Aysev D, et al. Genotype distribution of Candida albicans isolates by 25S intron analysis with regard to invasiveness. Mycoses. 2004;47:465-9.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2004.01022.x

PMid:15601450